There's no built-in Java API to get this kind of information. On Linux, you can get it by opening and reading files in the /proc filesystem, or by using native methods to make the appropriate system calls.
I'm sure there's a 3rd-party Java library that will do this for you -- anybody have any specific recommendations?
Linux provides this information and much more through the proc filesystem. It is a bunch of virtual files which you can read and write as if they were regular text files.