So your UserDetailsService creates a UserDetails object. In your scenario your implementation of UserDetailsService should be going to the SingleSignOn information. If the sign on is done in a different app, then there should be some "rememberMe" service or Cookie that has the necessary information to get the SingleSignOn information via your UserDetailsService.
At this point, you haven't hooked into the SingleSignOn stuff, just redoing authentication in your app, which will always cause a login page to display.
Unfortunately, Spring Security does require understanding what each small object/part is responsible for, which is a bit of a learning curve. But with this design it really does make it simple to pull out a small part and customize it.
I recommend reading the Spring Security documentation a few times. Unfortunately, for all of us it takes a few reads.
Good Luck
Mark