All it takes is the right key words. Thanks, found a lot there. Apertium does just what I want and does it quite painlessly in Unix-like fashion:
$ echo 'Esta es Gloria, mi amiga argentina' | apertium es-en
This is Gloria, my Argentinian friend
Can also provide infile outfile arguments.
http://linuxgazette.net/152/oregan.html
http://wiki.apertium.org/wiki/Main_Page
On Ubuntu, install with:
apt-get install apertium
Only thing which wasn't obvious to me is that you will also need to install the language pairs for the languages you wish to translate.
eg, for English <-> Spanish,
apt-get install apertium-en-es
list of language pairs:
http://wiki.apertium.org/wiki/List_of_language_pairs
I haven't checked if there is an Ubuntu package for every one of the pairs listed, but every one I've tried to install using the above example so far has worked.
If you get this error, it means that you don't have the language pair installed:
$ echo 'Esta es Gloria, mi amiga argentina' | apertium es-en
Error: Mode es-en does not exist. Try one of:
<list of installed language pairs, or "*" if none are installed>
See also man-page.
Thank you very much, Paul.