These are very good questions! Although my heart beats
Java, I also use other laguess like Kotlin, Scala, Python, C, Groovy, scripting languages and etc.. I have also used Cobol for around 4 years. However, the challenge remains how to create sustainable code that is not only good for users, but also elegantly leverages the underlying platform. That said, I actively use patterns that may also vary slightly depending on the language. It is good to realize where the limits of the offered solution are or whether it is within the limits. IMHO: all of OOP, FP included as it's the subset of OOP paradigm share creational, structural or behavioural patterns there for there are similarities in implementing most of patterns. IMHO: Cobol is business oriented language with strong focus on storing data in particular data resource and pretty challenging to
test, it requires to a discipling in coding and following agreed concepts.
